A Brief History of Anorexia Nervosa

             

 

             Il faut manger pour vivre et non pas vivre pour manger.

                     (One should eat to live and not live to eat.)

                                     Moliere (1622 – 1673): L'Avare (The Miser)

 

 

First introduction of the term Anorexia

Sir William Withey Gull (1816 – 1890) first used the term :

“In… 1868, I referred to a peculiar form of disease occurring mostly in young women, and characterized by extreme emaciation…. At present our diagnosis of this affection is negative, so far s determining any positive cause from which it springs…. The subjects…are…chiefly between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three…. My experience supplies at least one instance of a fatal termination…. Death apparently followed from the starvation alone…. The want of appetite is, I believe, due to a morbid mental state…. We might call the state hysterical.”

 

 

Earliest published accounts

Richard Morton (1637-98), a London physician: The Treaty in his book Phthisiologia, or a Treatise of Consumptions, first published in Latin in 1694.

 

Ernest-Charles Lasègue (1816 - 1883), a professor of clinical medicine in Paris: “De l’Anorexie Hysterique” containing descriptions of eight patients.

 

More recent views

Anna Freud  (1958):

Adolescent emotional upheavals are inevitable

Anorexia Nervosa is the outward manifestation of the battle between the ego and eating, with the former struggling for it’s very survival

Bruch (1966): relentless pursuit of thinness

Crisp (1967): weight phobia

Russell (1970 ): a morbid fear of becoming

Crisp (1967 - 1980):

Anorexia nervosa serves to protect the individual from adolescent turmoil.

Anorexia nervosa reflects a phobic avoidance of sexual maturation.

Unsettling effects of sexual maturation at puberty may drive the female adolescent to a pursuit of thinness leading to greater acceptance, self-control and self-esteem.

Anorexia nervosa tends to appear in families with buried, but unresolved, parental conflicts.

 

Palazzoli (1978) on women’s role:

Women are expected to be beautiful, smart and well-groomed.  They are expected to have a career and yet be romantic, tender and sweet.  They are expected to devote a great deal of time to their personal appearance even while competing in business and professions.  In marriage, they are expected to play the part of the ideal wife cum mistress cum mother.

They are expected to put away her hard-earned diplomas to wash nappies and perform other menial chores.  The modern woman is therefore exposed to a terrible social ordeal, and the conflicting demands and dual image of the female body as sex symbol and as commodity.  An adolescent girl may develop feelings of insecurity and alienation toward her changing body.

 

               Some hae(have) meat and cannot eat,

                       Some cannot eat that want it:

                     But we hae meat and we can eat,

                        Sae let the Lord be thankit.

                            Robert Burns (1759 – 1796): The Kirkcudbright Grace

            A Brief History of  Anorexia Nervosa

 

             Il faut manger pour vivre et non pas vivre pour manger.

                     (One should eat to live and not live to eat.)

                                     Moliere (1622 – 1673): L'Avare (The Miser)

 

 

First introduction of the term Anorexia

Sir William Withey Gull (1816 – 1890) first used the term :

“In… 1868, I referred to a peculiar form of disease occurring mostly in young women, and characterized by extreme emaciation…. At present our diagnosis of this affection is negative, so far s determining any positive cause from which it springs…. The subjects…are…chiefly between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three…. My experience supplies at least one instance of a fatal termination…. Death apparently followed from the starvation alone…. The want of appetite is, I believe, due to a morbid mental state…. We might call the state hysterical.”

 

 

Earliest published accounts

Richard Morton (1637-98), a London physician: The Treaty in his book Phthisiologia, or a Treatise of Consumptions, first published in Latin in 1694.

 

Ernest-Charles Lasègue (1816 - 1883), a professor of clinical medicine in Paris: “De l’Anorexie Hysterique” containing descriptions of eight patients.

 

More recent views

Anna Freud  (1958):

Adolescent emotional upheavals are inevitable

Anorexia Nervosa is the outward manifestation of the battle between the ego and eating, with the former struggling for it’s very survival

Bruch (1966): relentless pursuit of thinness

Crisp (1967): weight phobia

Russell (1970 ): a morbid fear of becoming

Crisp (1967 - 1980):

Anorexia nervosa serves to protect the individual from adolescent turmoil.

Anorexia nervosa reflects a phobic avoidance of sexual maturation.

Unsettling effects of sexual maturation at puberty may drive the female adolescent to a pursuit of thinness leading to greater acceptance, self-control and self-esteem.

Anorexia nervosa tends to appear in families with buried, but unresolved, parental conflicts.

 

Palazzoli (1978) on women’s role:

Women are expected to be beautiful, smart and well-groomed.  They are expected to have a career and yet be romantic, tender and sweet.  They are expected to devote a great deal of time to their personal appearance even while competing in business and professions.  In marriage, they are expected to play the part of the ideal wife cum mistress cum mother.

They are expected to put away her hard-earned diplomas to wash nappies and perform other menial chores.  The modern woman is therefore exposed to a terrible social ordeal, and the conflicting demands and dual image of the female body as sex symbol and as commodity.  An adolescent girl may develop feelings of insecurity and alienation toward her changing body.

 

               Some hae(have) meat and cannot eat,

                       Some cannot eat that want it:

                     But we hae meat and we can eat,

                        Sae let the Lord be thankit.

                            Robert Burns (1759 – 1796): The Kirkcudbright Grace