Thursday, September 17, 2020

Collection: Anorexia Nervosa

 

           

Girl in a Chemise circa 1905 Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
Tate Collection


A Brief History

             Il faut manger pour vivre et non pas vivre pour manger.

                     (One should eat to live and not live to eat.)

                                     Moliere (1622 – 1673): L'Avare (The Miser)

First introduction of the term Anorexia

Sir William Withey Gull (1816 – 1890) first used the term :

“In… 1868, I referred to a peculiar form of disease occurring mostly in young women, and characterized by extreme emaciation…. At present our diagnosis of this affection is negative, so far s determining any positive cause from which it springs…. The subjects…are…chiefly between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three…. My experience supplies at least one instance of a fatal termination…. Death apparently followed from the starvation alone…. The want of appetite is, I believe, due to a morbid mental state…. We might call the state hysterical.”

 

 

Earliest published accounts

Richard Morton (1637-98), a London physician: The Treaty in his book Phthisiologia, or a Treatise of Consumptions, first published in Latin in 1694.

 

Ernest-Charles Lasègue (1816 - 1883), a professor of clinical medicine in Paris: “De l’Anorexie Hysterique” containing descriptions of eight patients.

 

More recent views

Anna Freud  (1958):

Adolescent emotional upheavals are inevitable

Anorexia Nervosa is the outward manifestation of the battle between the ego and eating, with the former struggling for it’s very survival

Bruch (1966): relentless pursuit of thinness

Crisp (1967): weight phobia

Russell (1970 ): a morbid fear of becoming

Crisp (1967 - 1980):

Anorexia nervosa serves to protect the individual from adolescent turmoil.

Anorexia nervosa reflects a phobic avoidance of sexual maturation.

Unsettling effects of sexual maturation at puberty may drive the female adolescent to a pursuit of thinness leading to greater acceptance, self-control and self-esteem.

Anorexia nervosa tends to appear in families with buried, but unresolved, parental conflicts.

 

Palazzoli (1978) on women’s role:

Women are expected to be beautiful, smart and well-groomed.  They are expected to have a career and yet be romantic, tender and sweet.  They are expected to devote a great deal of time to their personal appearance even while competing in business and professions.  In marriage, they are expected to play the part of the ideal wife cum mistress cum mother.

They are expected to put away her hard-earned diplomas to wash nappies and perform other menial chores.  The modern woman is therefore exposed to a terrible social ordeal, and the conflicting demands and dual image of the female body as sex symbol and as commodity.  An adolescent girl may develop feelings of insecurity and alienation toward her changing body.

 

               Some hae(have) meat and cannot eat,

                       Some cannot eat that want it:

                     But we hae meat and we can eat,

                        Sae let the Lord be thankit.

                            Robert Burns (1759 – 1796): The Kirkcudbright Grace

 

 

 

                       Collection Anorexia

                           Mass Failure

 


 © Am Ang Zhang 2011  

Thirty years ago, I saw mountains as mountains, and waters as waters.

When I arrived at a more intimate knowledge, I came to the point
where I saw that mountains are not mountains,
and waters are not waters.
Thirty years on,
I see mountains once again as mountains, and waters once again as waters.

                                                                                                   Adapted from Ching-yuan (1067-1120)

There is a misguided belief that Psychiatry is like other branches of medicine, that we make diagnosis as if we know the definitive cause, course of treatment and prognosis.

I accept that even in other branches of medicine, what we used to know sometimes can be turned upside down overnight. We only need to look at the evolution of the understanding and treatment of Leprosy and Tuberculosis over time, and in the modern era, that of HIV/AIDS.
I was brought up to understand that “scientific truth is nothing more than what the top scientists believe in at the time.” In this modern era of “biotech” approach to medicine, new understanding is yet to be found for many conditions. In these cases, are we content to continue with empirical and symptomatic approaches?

Anorexia Nervosa comes to mind and this is one of the conditions that have for want of a better word captured the imagination of sufferers and public alike. I have already posted an earlier blog on its brief history.

Sometimes a diagnosis as powerful as Anorexia Nervosa can be a hindrance to the improvement of “sufferers”. Over my years of practice, I found that those who did well were cases where we indeed moved away from the medical/conventional psychiatric model to a somewhat paradoxical approach.

When I took over the adolescent unit as its consultant in charge there were six Anorexia Nervosa patients in varying stages of emaciation or weight gain depending on from which side you want to look at it.  It is not always wise to have so many anorectic patients together as they do share tricks with each other and it is often more difficult to customise treatment.

         What needed my urgent attention was of course Sammy. Sammy had a very feminine name but preferred the nickname Sammy. Sammy’s Section was due to expire in less than 14 days and I had to compile a report for the Tribunal which would be sitting to decide on her fate.

         It was perhaps a sign of our failure as psychiatrists to effectively treat Anorexia Nervosa that eventually case law was established to regard food in Anorexia Nervosa as medicine. Therefore food may be used forcibly to treat Anorexia Nervosa when the condition becomes life threatening. 

         The usual test of mental capacity no longer applies. Instead the law is used forcibly to feed a generally bright and intelligent person “over-doing” what most consider to be “good”.  They try to eat less and eat healthily by avoiding fat and the like and wham we have the law on them.

         I have to admit that I have not liked this aspect of Sectioning. Unfortunately it is used often, judging by the high numbers of tube fed patients.

         On the other hand not everybody is able to treat Anorexia Nervosa patients or, in reality, do battle with them. It requires experience, energy, time, wit, charisma and often impeccable timing. However, sometimes I do wonder if we are indeed doing a disservice when we take things out of parents’ hands by agreeing to take over.

         With hindsight and upon reflecting on a number of cases I have dealt with, I often wonder: if hospitalisation had not been an option at all, would improvement rate and, more importantly, mortality rate have been any different.

         We do not section people for smoking, drinking, or doing drugs, which all endanger life. Nor do we stop people running the Marathon or eating raw oysters when these activities regularly lead to mortalities.

         Society is coming round to do something about over-eating in children but it will take some time before they apply the Mental Health Acts. 

         To me, the moment a psychiatrist turns to the law he is admitting that he has failed. 

         At least that is my view and if I perpetuated the Compulsory Order with Sammy, I too would be part of that failure.

         There had been no weight gain in Sammy despite the tube feeding and the debate was: shall we increase the feed or shall we wait? Everybody just assumed that she would stay on as a compulsory patient.

         Despite bed rests and even more embarrassingly the use of bedpans, many Anorexia Nervosa patients managed not to gain weight whatever we pumped into them. The balanced feeds were in fact quite expensive. There was no secret that they were aware of the exercises they could perform even on bed rest and the determination not to put on weight had to be seen to be believed. If such determination was applied elsewhere I was sure these young girls could be very successful.

         I had to find an answer, an answer for Sammy and an answer for myself.

         Being forced to eat by the State remained the treatment of choice for everybody except for one stubborn consultant.

         “At least we did all we could,” my staff constantly reminded me.
         “And she is the most determined of all the Anorectics we have right now.”
         More reason to show the others that this new psychiatrist had some other means than brute force, I thought to myself. 

         Yes, I could be as determined as they were.

         The hours of family therapy only brought about accusations and counter accusations with hardly any resolution. Middle class families have certain ways of dealing with things where some branches of family therapy are not particularly good at all.

         The modern trend is certainly moving away from blaming families.  Or that is the rhetoric of most who write publicly about it.

         Whatever the official line, families cannot help feeling blamed.

         “If we are not to blame, why do we need family therapy?”

         “There are so many other families like ours.  Why do they not have the same problem?”

         We may reassure them that there are and that is the truth, but the truth is that there are also Anorexia-free families.

         Yes, it might help if they do find a gene like they did with obesity.  Yet that cannot explain why there are more extremely obese people in say the U.S. which collects gene pools from across the globe.

         So Sammy’s family had the full benefit of eight sessions of family therapy by two very experienced therapists. In the end, there was just a lot of recrimination between all parties including the therapists and all agreed it would not be the way forward. That was when tube-feeding started.

         Minuchin[3] dealt with over-involvement, over-protectiveness and conflict avoidance in these families with no special apology on whether he blamed the family or not. He used to start with a meal session with the family. His success, like many such methods, probably had more to do with his charisma than his method and is thus difficult to replicate.

         For Sammy and her family the message was simple and clear enough, no matter how hard we lied.

         The family had failed and the hospital had to take over.

         That was the blunt truth. 

         But the hospital had failed too and we had to resort to the Mental Health Act on one of society’s most sensible and decent and safest citizens. 

         I decided enough was enough. I could no longer perpetuate the no-blame approach. I could no longer continue to hide behind the power conferred onto me by the law. 

         In short, I had to reverse just about everything that had gone on before, and more.

         Just two weeks before the tribunal sat we had the big review meeting. To most at the unit, the review was fairly routine as there was hardly any choice – a full Section for Hospital Treatment primarily intended for difficult to treat Schizophrenics and difficult to control Bipolars in the acute manic phase. Sammy would be “detained at Her Majesty’s pleasure”, and classed with the likes of the few psychotics who had committed the most heinous murders. To save Sammy’s life, it would be natural to continue with the Mental Health Act.

         Yes there would be weeks of tube feeding and bed rest, but the State had to take over the complete care of this bright young thing for her own sake.

         I could not see any other way either.

         Unless …….I could reverse everything that had gone on before.  

         If our work is to be therapeutic then a sort of therapeutic alliance is important, even if tentative.  Some people do not realise that you can fight with your patient and still have a sort of therapeutic alliance.

         I had a plan.

         These meetings were attended by just about everybody who had anything to do with the patient.  They were held at school times so that most of the teaching staff could be present as well. These meetings also had a tendency to drag on as everybody seemed to have a lot to say about very little, a trait not just limited to psychiatrists but also seen in social workers, therapists, nurses, junior grade doctors, teachers and visiting professionals. People always seemed to have a lot to say on cases where there was the least progress. 

         My personal view is that this was a sure sign of anarchy which had unfortunately drifted into our Health Service, encouraged in part by the numerous re-organisations that had gradually eroded the authority of the doctor. 

         Saul Wurman[4], an architect by training but also an author of business and tour books, famously wrote that meetings really do not always need to be an hour long. Why can it not be ten or twenty minutes?

         Could I achieve that?

         After briefly explaining to all the purpose of the meeting, I turned to Sammy, who still had the nasal feeding tube “Micropore’d[5]” securely and said, “What do you think?”

         “It is so unfair.  Now I shall not be able to go to Harvard.”

         It is generally perceived as a given that a U.K. citizen who has been Sectioned will not be able to use the Visa Waiver to visit the U.S. If that person then has to apply for a Visa, having been detained under the Mental Health Act must be a major hindrance, although I have never seen this applied in practice. One of my patients did have to cancel a horse trial trip to Kentucky because she was sectioned at the height of a manic episode.

         I did not know she had aspirations to get to Harvard but I was not surprised given what I already knew about mother.

         “Before I say anything else, can I ask you a few things?”
         “What? Sure!”
         “Do you smoke, drink, take Ecstasy or go out clubbing?”
         “No.  Why?”
         “Do you have piercings and tattoos on you?”
         “Tattoos—yuk!  Yes, I having my ears pierced. That is all.”
         “Do you like Pop music?”
         “No way. I play the violin and I like Bach and Bartok!”
         Everybody was attentive now.
         “Do you shoot heroin or smoke Cannabis?”
         “No way!”
         She was getting annoyed.
         “What about boys and sex?” I felt bad even to ask especially in front of her mother, who I thought would faint if we knew something she did not.
         “How can you even ask and in front of my parents? You know I don’t do things like that!”

         I can remember my own adolescence. I did not do any of those things either and I did not even have pierced ears.

         I then turned to the parents.  Mother was a history teacher at a famous private school in one of England’s most middle class town. She also spent a year at Harvard, hence Sammy’s ambition to follow her. Father was a prominent city lawyer.

         “You have always provided well for her, a good education, European and U.S. holidays, a comfortable home and expensive music lessons.”

         “We are fortunate enough to be able to do that. She is our only child.” Mother replied in a tone implying, “what’s wrong with that?”

         “And she has always been a bright child, strong willed and single minded. She passed her Grade 8 violin with distinction at 14 and could have become a musician. But she wanted to do International Studies.” Mother added.

         “So she always had her way.”
         “She has always got on with everything, studying and practising the violin. And she keeps a tidy bedroom!”
         A tidy bedroom! My goodness, everything was falling into place.
         “Sammy……”
         “Yes……”

         “You know what? You are the first adolescent I know that keeps a tidy bedroom, do not do drugs, do not drink, do not smoke and you do not do a load of other things I asked you about. You are by modern standards a FAILED adolescent!”
         Then I turned to the parents.
         “And you, FAILED parents!”
         “And we FAILED you. We failed you because we had to hide behind the law and force fed you.”
         Sammy said, “I can’t do all those things even if you make me.”
         Ah, the turning point.
         “No, don’t get me wrong. I don’t want you to either.”
         I then told her that I would like to take the tube off her despite lack of progress, or because of it.
         It simply had not worked.
         I wanted her to take over, do what she needed to do and I would decide in about ten days if I had to extend the Treatment Order.
         Forty five minutes. The meeting took forty five minutes as people had to present summaries of different reports, the details of which were irrelevant here.
         The battle was over. Sammy looked relaxed. Nobody was fighting her now. She was back in control.
         I took her off the Section as she started to put on weight and before long she was discharged. 

         We forget how easy it is to entrench. To entrench is a sure way to perpetuate a problem.

 

 

 

                         Collecton Anorexia

                           Let Her Die

©2016 Am Ang Zhang 

Can a patient be allowed to die? 
Can a seventeen year old patient be allowed to die?
Can a seventeen year old Anorexia Nervosa patient be allowed to die?

Are we not supposed to save lives?

Could doctors be held to ransom? By?

Here is a Play: Let Her Die!

The Players:

The parents:
Father used to run a business security agency specialising in industrial counter espionage. Or was it espionage? I cannot be sure.

Too often there is this bizarre desire by some parents to make sure that if they cannot do it, no one else should either. We need to recognise it early enough. We are doomed otherwise, and so is the patient.

The patient: Nicola
It was really quite painful to sit there and talk to someone who looked worse than the worst they showed from Auswitz. Why could Nicola not realise that if she wanted any man to like her she would need to look a lot better, which involved doubling her weight for starters.

The Doctors:
Dr Hillman:

This was a family given up even by Dr Hillman, my most fervent supporter of family therapy. Father used to run a business security agency specialising in industrial counter espionage. Or was it espionage? I cannot be sure.

The Consultant:
        I did not go round looking like a hippie or pretending that I liked the music the teenagers listened to. I told them to me it was trash. I did not pierce my ear or have a tattoo. I certainly did not wear trainers to work.
       
        In short, you do not have to gain respect by becoming like them or worse, by pretending that you are like them.

        I spent one session with them and agreed with Dr Hillman. They were good. We looked like a bunch of amateurs dealing with professionals. None of the family therapy tricks work, Minuchin or Haley.
        Impenetrable!

The NHS Trust & GMC

To me, suspension on full pay is a risk every doctor takes nowadays, as the basis is no longer limited to bad practice. It is no longer a reflection on whether you are good or bad clinically. Many psychiatrists are no longer prepared to use techniques that might upset their patients or parents of their patients.

The Main Action:

A family meeting was called and it lasted only a few minutes.
          I was in top form.

          “Nicola has been eating but after two months has not put on any weight. I cannot see any reason for her to continue to stay here. She might as well do the eating at home. She can then sort out for herself why she is not gaining weight without the pressure from us.”
          I tried to put it in the calmest way possible.
          “You mean you will let her die?” Father sounded a bit annoyed.

        With that father got up and left the room without saying another word.

          “What do I do now? You have upset him!” said mother.
          Good, something got to him at last, but I did not say it.
         
Nicola gave a wry smile to me as if to say, “You found me out.”
          She turned to mum, “Let’s pack and leave this dump.”
          We all kept still.
         
Six months later, one of the nurses bumped into Nicola in a nearby town. She was kicked out by father and moved in with another ex-anorectic. She was with a boy friend. More importantly she was wearing a very sexy dress to show off her then very good figure.
          She did not die.


                        Collection Anorexia

                   The Peril of Diagnosis

 

Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa
 ©Am Ang Zhang 200

It is probably too late as so many doctors and psychiatrists are brought up on empirical diagnosis that sheds little light on the sufferings of the individual. The more powerful the diagnosis is, the easier it is to ignore the person as an individual and not to take into account his life history that may have a strong bearing on his treatment.    

In physical medicine we all understand that pain is a symptom and not in itself a diagnosis. When we move on to stroke or heart attack, it may be more problematic. Even in these cases, most clinicians will still be looking at or for the underlying cause or causes and will not rest until that is identified.  Hopefully it may have important bearing on the treatment. Underlying hypertension or diabetes, for example, will have to be treated.

In psychiatry, attempted suicide is not in itself a diagnosis and that is simple enough.

When we come to Anorexia Nervosa, psychiatrists are suddenly blinded. It is what I call a powerful diagnosis because it overshadows everything else.

I am not arguing against the “pure” form of Anorexia Nervosa and I am sure it exists.

Why?

Because I have seen these cases myself.  What I really want to alert readers to is the inherent danger in following blindly DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) or ICD (International Classification of Diseases) classifications. The danger is in seeing an Anorexia Nervosa patient as someone who has caught the “virus” that causes it.  A great disservice will be done to the patient if this distinction between what is the manifestation and what is the underlying pathology is not recognised.

The same is of course true of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. It is however a lot easier for most people to understand that there is an underlying cause for these.  Pearl Harbour star Kate Beckensale  was recently reported to have the view that Anorexia Nervosa sufferers were not different to Cocaine junkies – an observation that stirred much controversy but was probably closer to the truth than most would care to admit.

Amanda         

My old secretary Karen went to work for a plastic surgeon in the local hospital specializing in burns. Out of the blue she gave me a call. 

“It is about Amanda. You should see her. She has all these scars on her.”       

It had been over two years since I last saw Amanda. It was rather sad as she had a real talent in art and I managed to secure the last ever support from the Education Authorities for accommodation for her at the Art College. But she dropped out after a year.  Nevertheless she still managed to make appointments to see me a couple of times before disappearing. 

“Why don’t you ask her to arrange to see me next time she has a follow up at the clinic.”

“That should not be a problem.”

“But only if she wants to.”

“I think you may still be of some help.”

Well, Karen actually drove Amanda to my clinic late that afternoon and I stayed on to see her. Luckily Karen was still in the room with me when Amanda simply decided to lift her T-shirt. She was not wearing anything else underneath and what she revealed was a body covered in a number of three to four inches long keloidal scars. Some were actually over her breasts.

Karen stayed as chaperone and Amanda did not seem to mind. In our work there are certain risks when you see young people on their own and more so when you see someone like Amanda. I sometimes felt rather unsafe with some of the mothers too.

Amanda was first presented to me as a severe anorectic who more or less required immediate hospital admission. I put her in the paediatric ward rather than referred her to the hospital as at that time we were having some trouble with the quality of care there.    

At the time, her weight was dangerously low. She was the only patient that I had to keep in the hospital over Christmas. It was rather strange that she seemed quite happy to do so. There were no protests from the parents either.  It meant that I had to see her on Christmas day and I even bought her a nice soft toy for a present, something I had never done before or after.      

Her body weight gradually picked up and it was time for some trial home leave. She pleaded with me not to let her go home even for half a day.

I did not want her to become dependent on us and there was every sign that she had now settled in on the ward.

She came back from home leave and decided not to follow our agreed contract. It was popular in those days to have a weight gain contract and we had one too. Of course now I realise how rigidity with a contract can have drawbacks. In fact in child psychiatry too rigid an approach often causes problems one way or another and it is one of the few medical disciplines with which strict guidelines are not a good idea.

At the time, another patient was on the ward after a serious suicide attempt. She had been abused by her step-father and step-brother over the years. She had had enough and decided to end it all.  I was trying to sort out where she could go as there were all the child protection issues.  She became very friendly with Amanda.

One day when I arrived on the ward, the Sister-in-charge handed me an envelope and said that Amanda would like me to read it first.

I have since used the same two pages she wrote as teaching material. Most female junior doctors could not go through with reading it aloud. It is nice to think that years of medical training do not really harden someone. Or was it something too horrible to be faced with?  It was particularly upsetting when the abuser was Amanda’s father.   

Amanda was by then fourteen but her father had been abusing her since she was about eleven. Her mother worked night shifts and father would come to her bed room to tuck her in. This had been going on for as long as she could remember. She started to have budding breasts and her father would at first accidentally brush them and Amanda would be quite annoyed with that. Then one night he started fondling with her breasts and also outside her pants. She was so scared she froze and did not say anything. He went further and further until he penetrated her. She was bleeding quite badly and told her mother, who told her that was what happened to girls when they grew up. She knew what menstrual period was but she said this was different; but mum did not want to know and gave her a box of sanitary pads. Then her period started and she started to worry about becoming pregnant. Her father said it was not a problem and asked her to suck him instead. She recorded that she was sick every time. Then one day her father decided to try her “back-side”. It caused so much bleeding it stained her school skirt and when she told her mother she was bleeding from her “back side” she just said, “Don’t be silly.  It is only a heavy period.”

It is disturbing even for me to give you the details now. But this is what is happening to many children and is happening all around the world. If anything, I probably have toned down the content of that letter. What has gone wrong with mankind?  I cannot say I know any better since my early cockroach catching days. 

Then on the day I “forced” her to go home he picked her up and made her go down on him in the car on the way home when he parked on a lay-by.   

In the end it was the other girl in the ward who encouraged her to write to me. She told her that she suffered the same for a long time and was stupid enough to try and hurt herself before she could tell anyone.

There was no time to waste to report this to Social Services. However, Amanda’s father, who worked at the local mental hospital, had a “breakdown” and was admitted under the Mental Health Act the night before all of this came out. Amanda was not aware of this.  When I showed mother what Amanda wrote, she just said to me, “He is in a mental hospital,” and walked out.           

It has taken me years to grasp that maternal failure plays a major role in family sexual abuse. This mother’s action says it all. Can’t you see he is mad?

It was a most peculiar case. His psychiatrist refused to even let me know of his problem, citing patient doctor confidentiality. He obviously had not worked with child abuse. Mother denied all knowledge of the bleeding incidents and claimed that it was all in Amanda’s imagination and it became very hard trying to place Amanda because her mother would not acknowledge that there was a problem.

One of the nurses who got on well with Amanda told me that I should look at her examination portfolio for art. Every picture was morbid.  One struck me with the René Magritte  style of surrealism. A body of a girl with a penis floating over what looked like a classical stone grave.  The head was covered in cloth and separated from the body.  There were many daggers on the upper body of this half-man half-woman. There was a sort of school in the distance with small figures of school children. The sky was normal blue with white clouds which contrasted dramatically with the central theme. There was no question that the sky was a Magritte sky, and so was the cloth covered head. The rest was original Amanda. 

I knew then from what I remembered of Erickson that the picture was not just about the past with which one naturally associated but also about the future. Yet it took me a few years to realise that it was about the cutting.

She said she was now working as a waitress. Her teacher at college did not want her to do all the morbid paintings, so she quit. She had been sleeping with virtually any man she came across and every time she would cut herself afterwards. She wanted to feel something, she told me. What was worst was that whenever she was with a man she saw her father.

What an outcome. I had spent so much time with this girl and this was in the end what happened. She said one day she would be in a mental hospital like her father, but she hoped to kill herself before then.

I no longer remember Amanda as a severe anorectic but rather a very talented artist who suffered serious abuse. Yet in a society which prides itself in social care, she did not become a famous artist with a high income, telling all about her history of abuse in front of a famous chat show host. Nor did she become a movie star telling all after drug and alcohol rehab.

Instead she was on benefits and I am struggling hard to find something uplifting to end this story. It has taught me one thing: Anorexia Nervosa may be just a manifestation.

 

 

Jane

Jane was never abused by anyone. Not as far as I know.

She was every bit a classical Anorexia Nervosa. Or that was what I thought.   

She was a very attractive girl, more so when she was skinny. Her older sister was slightly overweight and looked unattractive.  It is amazing how that Hepburn look is so attractive and was desired then and still is now.

She was very intelligent and studied the cello with a famous cellist.

I was never quite sure if she liked the cello or not. If truth be told, being that middle class in an adolescent unit does not bode well.        

Most of the others knew nothing about classical music and preferred pop.  Nobody read quality newspapers and that went for the staff as well.  However, a number of the admitted anorectics came from the upper middle class background.  Most if not all.

You guess right.  There was an undercurrent of “dumbing” down. It was everywhere.   It was in keeping with government policy.          

With Jane I tried every ploy available to me.

Some thought it was hard work going to a private school.  Not just going to one, but being at the top of your year with a scholarship.

One day mother confessed to me in private that she too went through a phase of Anorexia. Nobody knew. Not even her own doctor, and could I keep it a secret?

Jane got on well with me.

She had to, as nobody understood that to her achieving was not a hardship but something she secretly enjoyed. She was no longer allowed to pick up her books as she had not put on any weight since her admission.

She missed the cello too, the only thing she could use to shut out her worries.

Fourteen and carrying the burden of the world.

Cello would be banned too, if her nurse was to have her way.  For the unit to function the nurse must have her way.  After all I was not there all the time to watch her. To watch if she was eating, vomiting, exercising or whatever else they did to avoid gaining weight.

But I was determined that it would be the first privilege she would get if she put on half a gram.  Or any excuse I could think of.

Brutal confrontation is often what happened in many adolescent units dealing with Anorexia Nervosa. The brutality is not physical.

But these patients are intelligent and have such strong will power that confrontation generally fails and the failure can be a miserable one.  Yet it is the kind of condition that hurts. It hurts those trying to help. It hurts because these patients deserve better for themselves. It hurts because they are not drop-outs of society. 

Was it too hard for Jane to keep at the top academically? Someone offered that as an explanation. Perhaps she should be moved to a state school.

The idea horrified me.

A fourteen year old non-smoking, non-drinking, non-drug taking, intelligent girl turning up at your local comprehensive.  It sounded like a major disaster to me.

I had to take the matter into my own hands. She did put on some weight and at the earliest opportunity I decided she should get back to the cello which had always been by her bed at the unit.

“I cannot tune it.”

“What?”

But why should I be surprised? It was quite an expensive Cello, an heirloom from her grandmother on father’s side. She had been a good cellist in her time although she stopped playing when she married Jane’s grandfather and went to South Africa. That was where her father was born.

Jane’s teacher had kept the cello in tune and although my children tuned their violins now, it was the teacher who did it for Jane.

Luckily it only needed minor adjustment but we had no modern day Cell Phone tuner.           

But I was not to be defeated having come this far.

She was not going to play unless it got tuned.  “Dad used to tune it, and he was very good.”

I phoned my daughter and she played an A on the piano at home, which I recorded on my cell phone. We got the cello to sound a little bit decent.

“I am not going to be as good as your teacher, but I hope this will do.”

She played a couple of scales and we made some fine tuning. It was not quite the same as the violin, but at least I knew not to overdo the pegs.  Then she started playing.

“Ah. The Bach G-major”

“So you know it”

Of course I do. The hours I spent listening to Yo Yo Ma and it was such amazing music, melancholic and uplifting at the same time. For a moment I forgot that I was her psychiatrist and she forgot she was my patient.

“My grandma gave me Casals.”

I knew Casals was even more emotional than Ma, but Ma is Chinese and he was less affecting, allowing the listener to tune in to his own mood.

She played from memory. What talent! What went wrong?

“I wish my dad could hear me.”

It was the first time she could talk about her father.  They had a very comfortable life in South Africa when father was alive.  It was very difficult to imagine what he would have looked like.  It was never clear what he did but he was involved in a number of ventures.  The plantation Jane’s grandfather ran was sold when apartheid came to an end.  He was involved in some private reserve and he was a photographer of sorts but my junior told me that mum started to cry when she talked about him so she did not pursue too deeply

He died of lung cancer.  That much we knew.  The family came back to England where mother’s family lived. There were educational trust funds set up by the grandparents and mother bought an old Victorian House just across the street from where I used to live.  The only time mother stopped me was when she told me about her own Anorexia.

We had for a while adopted a policy of no weight gain no talk. Looking back now, it was probably a rebound from previous experience with a girl who never really got any better from hours of psychotherapy. Rules can be dangerous in psychiatry as every individual is different, and the assumption that the patient wants to put on weight and talk may be wrong.

She gained enough weight to get home and soon I put her back on outpatient care.  One of my juniors started to provide a weekly time. I did not use the term psychotherapy as it was more to see if she would click with someone other than me.  I was too much of an authority figure for her.

We were only able to “hover” her. Her weight would go up for a couple of weeks and then down and then up again.

Then I retired and after a year or so my junior left too.

In one of the letters from my contacts at the clinic, I was told that Jane had to be admitted to a hospital in London.  Her weight was so low that she was on tube feeding.

News of a famous heiress just flashed through this morning’s news  and the psychodynamics of Jane’s Anorexia Nervosa suddenly became clearer.  The heiress witnessed her uncle’s murder and was anorectic ever since.  Jane was home when her father died in mother’s arms with a massive haemoptysis (coughing up of blood, a rare but not unknown effect of lung cancer, generally a massive bleed).  It must have been very traumatic.

How dim of me.  That was bereavement, a slow suicide by someone who felt less worthy to survive.

 

 


                        Collection Anorexia

                         Seven Minute Cure

 

Those of you who managed to catch the first Chapter "The Seven Minute Cure" will be wondering: Is the Cockroach Catcher famous as Barbados is for the British Celebrities? Some even arrives by Concorde!  Used to anyway!

Well, let the truth be told, Am Ang discovered Barbados long before the celebs.  He is still very fond of it though he tends to visit when the celebs have left and he can have the beaches to himself. His favourite beach is Accra Beach

 

 Accra Beach Barbados

 

 

This is the Captain again. I hope you have enjoyed the view of St. Lucia. It is unusual to have so little cloud.  Anyway, in seven minutes we shall be able to come into view of Barbados.  We should be coming in from the north side where you will be able to see Port St Charles. Then we shall go round the west coast. With any luck you will be able to see Sandy Lane, the best hotel in the world. So, in seven minutes. Barbados. The temperature in Barbados: 83 degrees Fahrenheit, with scattered clouds.”

In seven minutes I would start my life of leisure in this Paradise Island in the sun.

Seven minutes.

Seven minute cure.  My famous seven minute cure.  It was the making of me at the Adolescent Inpatient Unit.  It was the pinnacle of my career.  The most defining seven minutes in my career.

And Candy really helped me launch myself into it.

“It is our view that clinically it was wrong for Candy to be transferred at this stage. It was wrong for the NHS to accept her back and in our view Candy is in serious risk of – quite frankly – dying.”

Those were more or less the words said at the transfer meeting by the nurse from the private hospital where Candy had been for the past eighteen months.  She had been compulsorily detained twice and she had been put on Olanzapine.   Olanzapine is one of a new group of drugs licensed for Schizophrenia and has been found to induce a voracious appetite especially the bingeing of carbohydrates.  Some psychiatrists have started using it for this specific effect. In Candy’s case she managed to fight the biochemical effect of Olanzapine.        

Candy was just two days free of tube-feeding, which apparently was the only way to get her weight to a less frightening level.

Ethics in medicine has of course changed because money is now involved and big money too.

What was in dispute in this case was that the private health insurance that sustained Candy through the last eighteen months had dried out.  The private hospital then tried to get the NHS to continue to pay for the service on the ground that Candy’s life would otherwise be in danger.  The cost was around seven hundred pounds a night.  Some would argue: since we as a state hospital would not be getting the money, why should we take the risk?   After all, the consultant in charge would be in the dock if the patient did die.  Nowadays, patients and their families are trigger happy and complain even if the patient becomes better.  God help us if they die.

I argued the case in the opposite fashion.  We shall help the authorities without precondition and who knows, I may be able to get them to give us something when the time is right.

Cynics at the unit looked at me as if I had just dropped off another planet. Get something out of the Health Authority? When were you born?

A quick calculation gave me a figure of over a quarter of a million pounds per year at the private hospital.  No wonder they were not happy to have her transferred out.  Before my taking up the post, there were at one time seven patients placed by the Health Authorities at the same private hospital. Not all of them for Anorexia Nervosa, but Anorexia Nervosa required the longest stay and drained the most money from any Health Authority. I have seen private clinics springing up for the sole purpose of admitting anorectic patients and nobody else. It is a multi-million pound business. Some of these clinics even managed to get into broadsheet Sunday supplements.  I think Anorexia Nervosa Clinics are fast acquiring the status of private Rehab Centres. Until the government legislates to prevent health insurers from not funding long term psychiatric cases, Health Authorities all over the country will continue to pick up the tabs for such costly treatments

The poor nurse did not realise what hit her. That was my first week. I am never threatened. I like the challenge of difficult cases and definitive statements like – the patient will die.  I like to prove it otherwise.

The nurse concerned was not naïve either. Far from it. She based her judgement not on what she knew about me. It was only my first week after all.

No, she based her judgement on her knowledge of the unit, as she used to work here. She was once its lead nurse. Alas, poor pay and bad conditions coupled with the deteriorating consultant leadership prompted her to jump ship. I could not blame her for that.

The unit went through a difficult phase until the last consultant was finally suspended. Even before that, other consultants started refusing to refer patients here, and the two main Health Authorities that the clinic served had to fund ECRs (Extra Contractual Referrals in the then re-organised Health Service lingo) to mainly private hospitals.    

Then the unit had a locum and the operation was scaled down drastically. Bed availability dropped to less than half the normal capacity and the waiting list for admission grew. Unlike elective surgery, some patients in psychiatry cannot wait. Beds had to be found and often they were placed with adult psychiatric patients. It was not ideal even for the psychotics and certainly inappropriate for Anorexia Nervosa. Private Hospitals had to be used.

My first task as the new consultant in charge was to ask the Charge Nurse what would limit our ability to admit to full capacity.          “Your time,” was his reply.     

So we aimed to move to full capacity, not overnight but within the following three months. The shock on the faces of the managers as this was announced at a meeting gave me such an adrenaline rush. 

Or, did they think, “What a fool!”

Fool or no fool, one needs to enjoy one’s work, even in the NHS.

This perhaps is one thing that the government has conveniently forgotten. Many of us do what we do because we enjoy it. Otherwise why should anyone want to teach in universities when they can earn ten or twenty times more in industry? We may also decide to dedicate more time to work for personal pride and satisfaction. During the few years I worked at the inpatient units I spent in excess of a hundred hours a week there, one man doing the job of at least two.  In addition to that, I was still looking after two outpatient clinics.           

With increased capacity, we were ready to take on transfers. At that time the Health Authorities still had decent managers not yet blinded by directives and performance targets. For a start these managers did not interfere with clinical matters. For our part we were free to exercise our clinical judgment.  Unfortunately many consultants abuse this privilege of clinical independence, often making excessive demands for treatments and investigations, and managers have learnt to ignore them.  Worse the government set up this organisation called NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) to try to deal with such behaviour. 

“It is our view that clinically it was wrong for Candy to be transferred at this stage. It was wrong for the NHS to accept her back and in our view Candy is in serious risk of – quite frankly – dying.” 

The nurse was probably unwise to make such a declaration, as my mind was already made up to take on Candy regardless.           

What if the private hospital did not exist?  It would have been down to us then. So to me that was no big deal. After all, most private hospitals are notorious for transferring their dying patients to NHS hospitals so as not to mess up their pristine mortality figures. What was so different here?

“Shall we meet the family?” I said, trying to break the ice.

There had of course been a pre-visit by our Charge Nurse and his team.

“This one is difficult and I think you may have a problem with father.”

Candy led the three-some. She gave me such a look as if to say, “Wait till I give you all the trouble.”  She looked out of the window for the rest of the time. Mother was warm but worn. Eighteen months had taken its toll and she was gracious enough to be pleased to meet me. Father on the other hand seemed to show some anxiety. In fact, he was a quite a powerful negotiator, and had managed to persuade the insurers to agree to extend the private medical care for another six weeks on a shared cost basis, either with the parents or with the Health Authority.  He was still quite keen on the private treatment, and was half hoping that I would refuse to take Candy on clinical grounds and then the Health Authority would pick up the bill from then on.

To be fair, eighteen months was a long time even for Anorexia Nervosa.  Perhaps someone else should have a go.  NICE had not yet come up with a standard treatment and I certainly would challenge them to do so. Tube feed everybody?  That would be the day.

Mother was more intuitive and I think she got the measure of me very quickly. “Darling, perhaps we should give Candy a new start. The new doctor might work in a different way.”    

“It is the nurses that did most of the work.” A final and desperate attempt by the nurse from the private hospital to set the record straight was missed by the nervous family. The rest of the world still looked up to the consultant, perhaps not for much longer but until Armageddon, I was going to enjoy it.

“I will give it my best shot.”

So on a rather unusually beautiful sunny Tuesday morning, we received a soon to be dead Anorexia Nervosa patient who had been abandoned by her insurer to the unsafe NHS. What a challenge! Some of those at the meeting must have considered that I was delusional.  I believed that money should not be part of the consideration for the best health care and I was determined to make sure that my delusions should remain true for me.  I had to maintain a good service in my little corner of the NHS.

Perhaps I was able to capture mother’s heart and gain her confidence through mine. She decided that they should give us a try.

Do I tube feed her straightaway or do I wait?

I am no coward. So let us wait.

Adolescent units are notorious for making life difficult for authority figures. This is perhaps due to severe professional rivalry. To most of the nursing staff, the only difference between the psychiatrist and them is that the psychiatrist is licensed to prescribe.  If a patient is not on medication a psychiatrist would barely be needed. Over time various mechanisms have been introduced to minimize the input of the psychiatrist even when he is supposed to be in charge. Many psychiatrists gave up the fight a long time ago just to survive. A patient’s stay in hospital involves a large number of multidisciplinary meetings that often lead to half-baked treatment plans that have little hope of success.  Surprises are unwelcome and generally discouraged.

I have found this kind of “consensus” approach a serious problem.  It is simply not my style.  Perhaps one of the reasons I stayed as an outpatient consultant all these years was to continue to enjoy the independence from such approach.

Now all eyes were on me.

On that Tuesday I felt as though the whole unit was putting me through a trial. It was like living through a reality show.  Everybody was watching me, and I would have to deliver or perish.  My reputation, the reputation of an alien psychiatrist, was at stake. I needed to act fast and I did not have eighteen months. Otherwise I would be packing and leaving this jungle, house or whatever reality show I was in.

Apart from true madness, Anorexia is the only condition where one can use the Mental Health Act to detain and if necessary force feed against the patient’s wishes, although little is known about how effective this aspect of our law is.  There is still a rather high mortality rate, even in acknowledged centres of excellence like the Maudsley . Tube feeding does not seem to be saving lives.  It also hurts our pride if we have to succumb to tube-feeding.  It means that we have failed as psychiatrists.

Then I remembered my own golden rule about parenting. When all else fails, try bribery.  And that is what I did, but not with Candy.

Any nurse that could get Candy to start eating would get three bottles of nice wine or two cases of beer.  It might not be strictly against the rule, but I am sure a few eyebrows were raised.  Candy refused to eat or even drink.     

I had to be in London for a Royal College meeting that Friday.  My mobile rang. Day 4: Candy was still refusing to eat or drink.           

“No tube feeding, just check her blood chemistry” was what I decided should be done.  People do not die so easily even with committed fasting. We had got time, and nobody was going to get my wine or beer, I told myself.  

By Sunday, there was a major concern that Candy, having not eaten for five days, might be at some risk.  A quick electrolyte check showed normal sodium and potassium levels.  I left instructions again not to jump up and down and worry too much.  I was quite sure she must have been secretly drinking, perhaps not from her own jug. Often other patients would “help”, not quite comprehending how their “help” might indeed be a “hindrance”.  I have even seen nurses “helping” to dispose of patient’s food or even eat it. Anorexia stirs up funny emotions.

By the time I got in on Monday, Sophie, Candy’s nurse said to me, “I think you had better see Candy. There has been no change at all.”  This was in some ways quite unusual as most of the time the consultant in charge only gets involved in family meetings and reviews that are pre-planned. Junior doctors deal with the day to day checking on patients.  Perhaps she was somehow hoping that I would give in and put Candy back on tube-feeding.

I think if there had been a NICE guideline , I might not have been given this chance.  Instead some on-call doctor over the weekend would have put her on tube-feeding as per protocol. After all, that had been her mode of feeding for weeks.

We would use the law if and when it became necessary.  However, that would have defeated the whole point, as she would have been stuck with the old ways forever. 

Stubborn patients deserve stubborn doctors.

Candy came in.

“Aren’t you going to tube feed me?”

“No.”

“Then I will die.”

“So I will be very sad but we do not tube feed here.”  At least I don’t.

“You can’t do that.  I want to be discharged

These are more or less verbatim reports. My mind was racing fast trying to come up with an answer.

“I want to be discharged!”

“Candy, it is actually possible.”

I can still remember the look of horror on Sophie’s face: “Is this doctor for real?”

“You mean discharged today?”

“Yes. I mean today.”

I could see Sophie was in complete shock. “What planet did this consultant drop out of and how is he going to pull this one off?”

“Well. If you start off by drinking one carton of Ensure Plus and some squash, then eat your lunch and have another Ensure Plus in the afternoon, you will be discharged home and you can come back daily.”  

When I used this case in my teaching sessions with junior doctors, they invariably showed incredulity that I offered this to Candy just like that, without consulting her parents or her nurse.  I knew that if there had been any discussion it would never have happened. There would have been objections from somewhere.  That is the trouble with consensus.

But you see, it was important for Candy to know that I had authority. Many adolescent units have gone too far the other way, and they really are a reflection of dysfunctional families where the adolescent rules the roost.  A totally democratic approach will never produce the thunderbolt and deliver the sustainable therapeutic effect.

A strange bond was developing between me and Candy. I gave her a way out and she would oblige.  I had no doubt at all she would be compliant.

Sophie then went to fetch exactly what I told Candy she needed to consume. When Sophie came back, the drinks went down in seconds.  I could see the relief and disbelief in Sophie’s eyes.

That took seven minutes.        

And now the real work began: the details.  I told Candy she would be discharged as an inpatient and would need to come in every day as a day-patient. A trick you might say.

She did not object.

She never expected to be discharged in her state. The important thing was that I took control. For her it was a relief. She never protested that I perhaps tricked her. It too was a relief for her to have something in her stomach.  What was more important was I saved her face and she, mine.

I was to stay on in the show.

How could I justify sending a fragile fasting patient home on the first day of resumption of eating?

For five days we achieved nothing when she was in hospital.

What about the parents?

In fact I phoned mother in front of Candy straight away.  I played a trick on her. I just said, “Candy is coming home.” A long silence indicated how shocked she was. Then I told her of our seven minutes.

“I knew you could do something.  That was what I told my husband, but I did not know it was going to be this quick. I did tell him you were OK.”

You can wait for years for a case like this. It is like a hole-in-one. You just know the moment the ball leaves the tee. With one such case, I could now put up with anything anyone cared to throw at me. 

At least for a while.     

To Candy, it was like a heart transplant. She had been stuck for too long and was probably pleased to get out. Hospital was not like home and she had not been home for a long long time. 

So where is Candy now?

She was eventually discharged to attend a state school but that did not work. She eventually went to an agricultural college where she worked mainly with horses and did extremely well. Her weight was well maintained. That took another fourteen months.      But she remained a day patient throughout except for a long weekend when her parents went away for their anniversary. At Candy’s request, she stayed in the hospital that weekend.


**************************************************************************


Jun 29, 2011
South Africa reminds me of my Anorexia Nervosa patient. In The Cockroach Catcher I got my Anorectic patient to play the cello that was banned by the “weight gain contract”: Jane got on well with me. ...
Jun 01, 2011
Not all of them for Anorexia Nervosa, but Anorexia Nervosa required the longest stay and drained the most money from any Health Authority. I have seen private hospitals springing up for the sole purpose of admitting ...
Aug 01, 2011
We are short on Child Psychiatrists and there is a huge demand in areas of anorexia nervosa. You will earn three times, if not more, than what you do now!” Soon after, I talked to a friend and my patient was transferred ...
Mar 01, 2008
This is not about Stephen Hawking's famous book that sold over 9m copies world-wide, but a collection of material that relates to Anorexia Nervosa in a chronological order. You see, I believe in free sharing of knowledge ...
Mar 19, 2011
Not all of them for Anorexia Nervosa, but Anorexia Nervosa required the longest stay and drained the most money from any Health Authority. I have seen private clinics springing up for the sole purpose of admitting anorectic patients and ...

Jun 17, 2008
Anorexia Nervosa comes to mind and this is one of the conditions that have for want of a better word captured the imagination of sufferers and public alike. I have already posted an earlier blog on its brief history. ...
Feb 23, 2010
This is not about Stephen Hawking's famous book that sold over 9m copies world-wide, but a collection of material that relates to Anorexia Nervosa in a chronological order. You see, I believe in free sharing of knowledge ...
Apr 30, 2010
Not all of them for Anorexia Nervosa, but Anorexia Nervosa required the longest stay and drained the most money from any Health Authority. I have seen private hospitals springing up for the sole purpose of admitting ...
Feb 21, 2010
Anorexia Nervosa: Chirac & Faustian Pact. Reading a new book sometimes brings you the unexpected. In Ahead of the Curves, the author told of the story he heard of Jacques Chirac and his pact with West African marabouts, ...
Feb 29, 2008
Anorexia Nervosa: a cult? I have long recognised that Anorexia Nervosa is really only a symptom, like a headache, for which there is no “one-size-fits-all” cure.
Jun 08, 2011
... to full hip-replacements, from Stents to Heart Transplants, from Anorexia Nervosa to Schizophrenia, from Trigeminal Neuralgia to Multifocal Glioma, from prostate cancer to kidney transplant and I could go on and on. ...
Jul 20, 2009
Edward Burne-Jones.

Without the effect of drugs that would double the bodyweight, we have in the end one of the most beautiful portraits of the Pre-Raphaelites. Burne-Jones’ life is of course another psychiatric book: his mother died when he was six days old and many felt that all his life he was searching for the perfect mother he so missed. It is indeed ironical that the art world has been much enriched by what was essentially untreated bereavement.

A Brief History of Anorexia Nervosa

             

 

             Il faut manger pour vivre et non pas vivre pour manger.

                     (One should eat to live and not live to eat.)

                                     Moliere (1622 – 1673): L'Avare (The Miser)

 

 

First introduction of the term Anorexia

Sir William Withey Gull (1816 – 1890) first used the term :

“In… 1868, I referred to a peculiar form of disease occurring mostly in young women, and characterized by extreme emaciation…. At present our diagnosis of this affection is negative, so far s determining any positive cause from which it springs…. The subjects…are…chiefly between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three…. My experience supplies at least one instance of a fatal termination…. Death apparently followed from the starvation alone…. The want of appetite is, I believe, due to a morbid mental state…. We might call the state hysterical.”

 

 

Earliest published accounts

Richard Morton (1637-98), a London physician: The Treaty in his book Phthisiologia, or a Treatise of Consumptions, first published in Latin in 1694.

 

Ernest-Charles Lasègue (1816 - 1883), a professor of clinical medicine in Paris: “De l’Anorexie Hysterique” containing descriptions of eight patients.

 

More recent views

Anna Freud  (1958):

Adolescent emotional upheavals are inevitable

Anorexia Nervosa is the outward manifestation of the battle between the ego and eating, with the former struggling for it’s very survival

Bruch (1966): relentless pursuit of thinness

Crisp (1967): weight phobia

Russell (1970 ): a morbid fear of becoming

Crisp (1967 - 1980):

Anorexia nervosa serves to protect the individual from adolescent turmoil.

Anorexia nervosa reflects a phobic avoidance of sexual maturation.

Unsettling effects of sexual maturation at puberty may drive the female adolescent to a pursuit of thinness leading to greater acceptance, self-control and self-esteem.

Anorexia nervosa tends to appear in families with buried, but unresolved, parental conflicts.

 

Palazzoli (1978) on women’s role:

Women are expected to be beautiful, smart and well-groomed.  They are expected to have a career and yet be romantic, tender and sweet.  They are expected to devote a great deal of time to their personal appearance even while competing in business and professions.  In marriage, they are expected to play the part of the ideal wife cum mistress cum mother.

They are expected to put away her hard-earned diplomas to wash nappies and perform other menial chores.  The modern woman is therefore exposed to a terrible social ordeal, and the conflicting demands and dual image of the female body as sex symbol and as commodity.  An adolescent girl may develop feelings of insecurity and alienation toward her changing body.

 

               Some hae(have) meat and cannot eat,

                       Some cannot eat that want it:

                     But we hae meat and we can eat,

                        Sae let the Lord be thankit.

                            Robert Burns (1759 – 1796): The Kirkcudbright Grace

            A Brief History of  Anorexia Nervosa

 

             Il faut manger pour vivre et non pas vivre pour manger.

                     (One should eat to live and not live to eat.)

                                     Moliere (1622 – 1673): L'Avare (The Miser)

 

 

First introduction of the term Anorexia

Sir William Withey Gull (1816 – 1890) first used the term :

“In… 1868, I referred to a peculiar form of disease occurring mostly in young women, and characterized by extreme emaciation…. At present our diagnosis of this affection is negative, so far s determining any positive cause from which it springs…. The subjects…are…chiefly between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three…. My experience supplies at least one instance of a fatal termination…. Death apparently followed from the starvation alone…. The want of appetite is, I believe, due to a morbid mental state…. We might call the state hysterical.”

 

 

Earliest published accounts

Richard Morton (1637-98), a London physician: The Treaty in his book Phthisiologia, or a Treatise of Consumptions, first published in Latin in 1694.

 

Ernest-Charles Lasègue (1816 - 1883), a professor of clinical medicine in Paris: “De l’Anorexie Hysterique” containing descriptions of eight patients.

 

More recent views

Anna Freud  (1958):

Adolescent emotional upheavals are inevitable

Anorexia Nervosa is the outward manifestation of the battle between the ego and eating, with the former struggling for it’s very survival

Bruch (1966): relentless pursuit of thinness

Crisp (1967): weight phobia

Russell (1970 ): a morbid fear of becoming

Crisp (1967 - 1980):

Anorexia nervosa serves to protect the individual from adolescent turmoil.

Anorexia nervosa reflects a phobic avoidance of sexual maturation.

Unsettling effects of sexual maturation at puberty may drive the female adolescent to a pursuit of thinness leading to greater acceptance, self-control and self-esteem.

Anorexia nervosa tends to appear in families with buried, but unresolved, parental conflicts.

 

Palazzoli (1978) on women’s role:

Women are expected to be beautiful, smart and well-groomed.  They are expected to have a career and yet be romantic, tender and sweet.  They are expected to devote a great deal of time to their personal appearance even while competing in business and professions.  In marriage, they are expected to play the part of the ideal wife cum mistress cum mother.

They are expected to put away her hard-earned diplomas to wash nappies and perform other menial chores.  The modern woman is therefore exposed to a terrible social ordeal, and the conflicting demands and dual image of the female body as sex symbol and as commodity.  An adolescent girl may develop feelings of insecurity and alienation toward her changing body.

 

               Some hae(have) meat and cannot eat,

                       Some cannot eat that want it:

                     But we hae meat and we can eat,

                        Sae let the Lord be thankit.

                            Robert Burns (1759 – 1796): The Kirkcudbright Grace

Collection: Leo Kanner



“In 1943 Leo Kanner published a paper that would form the basis of present day understanding of Autistic Spectrum Disorder. He considered five features to be diagnostic. These were: a profound lack of affective contact with other people; an anxiously obsessive desire for the preservation of sameness in the child's routines and environment; a fascination for objects, which are handled with skill in fine motor movements; mutism or a kind of language that does not seem intended for inter-personal communication; good cognitive potential shown in feats of memory or skills on performance tests, especially the Séguin form board . He also emphasized onset from birth or before 30 months.”

 A case extract from Kanner’s original paper

Donald T. was first seen in October, 1938, at the age of 5 years, 1 month. "Eating,......has always been a problem with him. He has never shown a normal appetite. Seeing children eating candy and ice cream has never been a temptation to him."

At the age of 1 year "he could hum and sing many tunes accurately." Before he was 2 years old, he had "an unusual memory for faces and names, knew the names of a great number of houses" in his home town. "He was encouraged by the family in learning and reciting short poems, and even learned the Twenty-third Psalm and twenty-five questions and answers of the Presbyterian Catechism." The parents observed that "he was not learning to ask questions or to answer questions unless they pertained to rhymes or things of this nature, and often then he would ask no question except in single words." His enunciation was clear.

 

He knew the pictures of the presidents "and knew most of the pictures of his ancestors and kinfolks on both sides of the house." He quickly learned the whole alphabet" backward as well as forward" and to count to 100.

It was observed at an early time that he was happiest when left alone, almost never cried to go with his mother, did not seem to notice his father's home-comings, and was indifferent to visiting relatives.

He does not observe the fact that anyone comes or goes, and never seems glad to see father or mother or any playmate. He seems almost to draw into his shell and live within himself.

He seldom comes to anyone when called but has to be picked up and carried or led wherever he ought to go. In his second year, he "developed a mania for spinning blocks and pans and other round objects." At the same time, he had a dislike for self-propelling vehicles, such as Taylor-tots, tricycles, and swings.

He was always constantly happy and busy entertaining himself, but resented being urged to play with certain things. When interfered with, he had temper tantrums, during which he was destructive. He appears to be always thinking and thinking, and to get his attention almost requires one to break down a mental barrier between his inner consciousness and the outside world.

The father, whom Donald resembles physically, is a successful, meticulous, hard-working lawyer who has had two "breakdowns" under strain of work. He always took every ailment seriously, taking to his bed and following doctors' orders punctiliously even for the slightest cold. "When he walks down the street, he is so absorbed in thinking that he sees nothing and nobody and cannot remember anything about the walk." The mother, a college graduate, is a calm, capable woman, to whom her husband feels vastly superior.

When he desired to get down after his nap, he said, "Boo [his word for his mother], say' Don, do you want to get down?' "His mother would comply, and Don would say: "Now say 'All right.' "The mother did, and Don got down.

At mealtime, repeating something that had obviously been said to him often, he said to his mother, "Say 'Eat it or I won't give you tomatoes, but if you don't eat it I will give you tomatoes,' " or "Say 'If you drink to there, I'll laugh and I'll smile.' "And his mother had to conform or else he squealed, cried, and strained every muscle in his neck in tension. This happened all day long about one thing or another

When he wanted his mother to pull his shoe off, he said: "Pull off your shoe." When he wanted a bath, he said: "Do you want a bath?"

The word "yes" for a long time meant that he wanted his father to put him up on his shoulder. This had a definite origin. His father, trying to teach him to say "yes" and "no," once asked him, "Do you want me to put you on my shoulder?" *Don expressed his agreement by repeating the question literally, echolalia-like. His father said, "If you want me to, say 'Yes'; if you don't want me to, say 'No.' "Don said "yes" when asked. But thereafter "yes" came to mean that he desired to be put up on his father's shoulder. He paid no attention to persons around him.

He gave no heed to the presence of other children but went about his favorite pastimes, walking off from the children if they were so bold as to join him. If a child took a toy from him, he passively permitted it.

He was inexhaustible in bringing up variations: "How many days in a week, years in a century, hours in a day, hours in half a day, weeks in a century, centuries in half a millennium," etc., etc.; "How many pints in a gallon, how many gallons to fill four gallons?" Sometimes he asked, "How many hours in a minute, how many days in an hour?" etc.

When asked to subtract 4 from 10, he answered: "I'll draw a hexagon."

The paper is quite a gem and students of child psychiatry are well advised to read it.  Leo Kanner continually questioned the given wisdom of the day; couple that with his keen observation power and curiosity and a natural irreverence to authority, it was only natural that he should have created history by being the first to describe Autism.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                  Leo Kanner--- A Discussion

 

 

 

The following is an abstract taken from the DISCUSSION SECTION of Kanner's original paper. It may be useful to have another look at what Kanner observed all those years ago. Fortunately for us, he had no other motive except for his keen medical curiosity and observational power:

......The outstanding, "pathognomonic," fundamental disorder is the children's inability to relate themselves in the ordinary way to people and situations from the beginning of life. Their parents referred to them as having always been:

self-sufficient

like in a shell

happiest when left alone

acting as if people weren't there

perfectly oblivious to everything about him

giving the impression of silent wisdom

failing to develop the usual amount of social awareness

acting almost as if hypnotized

 

It is therefore highly significant that almost all mothers of our patients recalled their astonishment at the children's failure to assume at any time an anticipatory posture preparatory to being picked up.

Eight of the eleven children acquired the ability to speak either at the usual age/or after some delay. Three (Richard, Herbert, Virginia) have so far remained "mute." In none of the eight "speaking" children has language over a period of years served to convey meaning to others.

Almost all the parents reported, usually with much pride, that the children had learned at an early age to repeat an inordinate number of nursery rhymes, prayers, lists of animals, the roster of presidents, the alphabet forward and backward, even foreign-language (French) lullabies.

Thus, from the start, language—which the children did not use for the purpose of communication—was deflected in a considerable measure to a self-sufficient, semantically and conversationally valueless or grossly distorted memory exercise.

It is difficult to know for certain whether the stuffing as such has contributed essentially to the course of the psychopathological condition. But it is also difficult to imagine that it did not cut deeply into the development of language as a tool for receiving and imparting meaningful messages.

"Yes" is a concept that it takes the children many years to acquire. They are incapable of using it as a general symbol of assent.

The same type of literalness exists also with regard to prepositions. Apparently the meaning of a word becomes inflexible and cannot be used with any but the originally acquired connotation.

Personal pronouns are repeated just as heard, with no change to suit the altered situation.

The repetition "Are you ready for your dessert?" means that the child is ready for his dessert.

The pronominal fixation remains until about the sixth year of life, when the child gradually learns to speak of himself in the first person, and of the individual addressed in the second person. In the transitional period, he sometimes still reverts to the earlier form or at times refers to himself in the third person.

Our patients, reversely, anxious to keep the outside world away, indicated this by the refusal of food. One child had to be tube-fed until 1 year of age. Most of them, after an unsuccessful struggle, constantly interfered with, finally gave up the struggle and of a sudden began eating satisfactorily.

Another intrusion comes from loud noises and moving objects, which are therefore reacted to with horror. Yet it is not the noise or motion itself that is dreaded. The disturbance comes from the noise or motion that intrudes itself, or threatens to intrude itself, upon the child's aloneness.

The child himself can happily make as great a noise as any that he dreads and move objects about to his heart's desire.

There is a marked limitation in the variety of his spontaneous activities. The child's behavior is governed by an anxiously obsessive desire for the maintenance of sameness that nobody but the child himself may disrupt on rare occasions.

Changes of routine, of furniture arrangement, of a pattern, of the order in which everyday acts are carried out, can drive him to despair.

Once blocks, beads, sticks have been put together in a certain way, they are always regrouped in exactly the same way, even though there was no definite design. After the lapse of several days, a multitude of blocks could be rearranged in precisely the same unorganized pattern, with the same color of each block turned up, with each picture or letter on the upper surface of each block facing in the same direction as before.

This insistence on sameness led several of the children to become greatly disturbed upon the sight of-anything broken or incomplete.

A great part of the day was spent in demanding not only the sameness of the wording of a request but also the sameness of the sequence of events.

It was impossible to return from a walk without having covered the same ground as had been covered before.

Objects that do not change their appearance and position, that retain their sameness and never threaten to interfere with the child's aloneness, are readily accepted by the autistic child.

Two patients began in the second year of life to spin everything that could be possibly spun.

The children sensed and exercised the same power over their own bodies by rolling and other rhythmic movements.

Every one of the children, upon entering the doctor’s office, immediately went after blocks, toys, or other objects, without paying the least attention to the persons present.

The father or mother or both may have been away for an hour or a month; at their homecoming, there is no indication that the child has been even aware of their absence.

After many outbursts of frustration, he gradually and reluctantly learns to compromise when he finds no way out, obeys certain orders, complies in matters of daily routine, but always strictly insists on the observance of his rituals.

There is a far better relationship with pictures of people than with people themselves. Pictures, after all, cannot interfere.

The astounding vocabulary of the speaking children, the excellent memory for events of several years before, the phenomenal rote memory for poems and names, and the precise recollection of complex patterns and sequences, bespeak good intelligence in the sense in which this word commonly used.

They all come of highly intelligent families. All but three of the families are represented either in Who's Who in America or in American Men of Science, or in both.

Sunday, August 30, 2020

Glyndebourne Streaming: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg

 


Glyndebourne opening night: Gerald Finley

    
Die Meistersinger Von Nurnberg, Glyndebourne 2016
CREDIT: TRISTRAM KENTON 
Glyndebourne’s 2016 season got off to a disappointingly damp start. Grey skies drizzled rain on to the gardens, and a middle-aged earthbound account of  Meistersinger’s festive overture suggested that the conductor Michael Güttler (a late substitute for Robin Ticciati, still recovering from a herniated slipped disc) was intent on delivering a long plod through Wagner’s comedy.
But when the drop curtain rose, so did our spirits: Vicki Mortimer’s set beautifully evokes the interior of a German Gothic church, in which the chorus was singing its chorale with a hearty sincerity that would have warmed the heart of Martin Luther.
The sun came out on Güttler’s conducting too, and suddenly there was lift-off – with the London Philharmonic Orchestra playing with a smile on its collective face (a bouquet to its impeccable horn players), the music glowed with shining clarity and Schubertian freshness, reminding us that among many other things, this great work focuses on that crucial moment when youth comes knocking at the door and the older generation must decide how to answer its call.
At the centre of the performance is Gerald Finley’s deeply sympathetic and thoughtful portrayal of the cobbler-poet Hans Sachs. It’s a long and challenging role that he shouldn’t undertake in larger houses: by the end of the evening, he was clearly husbanding his vocal resources, and there were moments earlier when his fortissimo required swelling by another few decibels.
A scene from Die Meistersinger Von Nurnberg by Richard Wagner, Glyndebourne, 2016 
CREDIT: TRISTRAM KENTON 
But the “Flieder” monologue was exquisitely done and every phrase was imbued with an ideal combination of unpretentious eloquence, emotional tenderness and sceptical irascibility. The audience rose to acclaim him at the curtain calls – a tribute, one felt, as much to Sachs’ firm moral stance as to Finley’s artistry.
His antagonist was Jochen Kupfer, a well-schooled German baritone who presented a carefully detailed portrayal of the pedantic town clerk Beckmesser. For my taste, as he effetely primped his hair and pouted disdain at his inferiors, he rather overplayed the note of Julian Clary campness. Yet the idea that the man is a rank outsider was illuminating, and his dignity after his final humiliation was genuinely touching.
The American soprano Amanda Majeski was Eva. Reminiscent of Gundula Janowitz, singing slightly sharp with a choirboy purity and rather insipid in personality, she launched the quintet exquisitely and looked very pretty to boot.
Much more vivid were David Portillo and Hanna Hipp – just about perfection as that most unlikely of operatic couples David and Magdalene (she must be fifteen years older than he is), with the sweet-toned puppyish Portillo managing to enliven even the interminable recital of the Masters’ modes in the first act.
A scene from Die Meistersinger Von Nurnberg by Richard Wagner, Glyndebourne 2016 
CREDIT: TRISTRAM KENTON 
Alastair Miles was a bluff, sturdy Pogner, his fellow masters all strongly characterised. The chorus sounded magnificent both at prayer and in riot, and the only substantial disappointment was Michael Schade, a charmless Walther, kitted out for some reason in the livery of the chocolate soldier and delivering an unlovely, unseductive Prize Song that wouldn’t have got past the first round if I’d been on the panel.
David McVicar has returned to revive his 2011 staging, set in the 1820s, presumably in reference to the period of Wagner’s own childhood. The concept is agreeably decorative, but although we all love the sight of ladies in Empire-line bodices and Jane Austen bonnets, I don’t find that the updating does much to open up Wagner’s profound ideas about the place of art in society or the relation of tradition to inspiration.
True, the staging has been meticulously rehearsed and there is some nicely observed psychology in the third act, particularly in relation to Sachs’ feelings about his dead wife and Eva. But McVicar ‘s ultimate priority is to mount a nice show, complete with some over-choreographed dance sequences, and as so often with this estimably canny and tasteful director, I feel that he’d rather be letting rip commercially in the West End than behaving himself in strait-laced opera houses.

Meistersinger: Glydnebourne

June 23rd, 2016: see you in the gardens!



© 2016 Glyndebourne


This would be a different Wagner.

The dark side of the gods: (it is sometimes easier if one take GODS in the Ring to mean those in POWER. For the characters read here.) In fact, the gods need not work at all, the Nibelungs work almost all the time.


Disrespectful Wotan is hardly revered unanimously, and even he acknowledges higher authorities. Erda knows things he doesn't; his almost bureaucratic dominance derives solely from treaties engraved in runes on his spear, treaties to which he is subservient.

Born liarsCharacters lie as it suits them. Events are initiated by Wotan's spurious promise to the Giants to pay them by giving them Freia in exchange for building Valhalla, a promise he knows he cannot keep, as she is the indispensable symbol of love whose golden apples keep the gods alive. His shady ally, Loge, is defined as a double-dealing trickster. Brünnhilde breaks her promise to her father to allow Siegmund to be killed in combat. Mime makes dissembling a veritable life's work, ably carried forward by his nephew, Hagen, in Götterdämmerung. 

Contemptuous
Brünnhilde disobeys Wotan, and his grandson Siegfried destroys his power. Mime, who raises Siegfried from infancy and even makes him toys, is treated with disturbingly cruel contempt by the bumptious hero. Hagen, whom Alberich sired via gold-empowered lust as a tool to retrieve the Ring for him, mutters that if he succeeds he will keep it, not hand it over to his Nibelung father.

Thieving & Misappropriation 
……. misappropriation, of persons or of things, provides much of the plot machinery. First, Alberich plunders the Rhinegold, and afterward, theft of others' possessions, including the Ring, motivates action upon action. 


Incest and other illicit sexThe teasing of Alberich by the Rhinemaidens which leads to his abjuring love--love, not lust. The definitive heroine, Brünnhilde, and her Valkyrie sisters are the offspring of an adulterous liaison between Wotan and Erda; Wotan also illegitimately fathers the Wälsung twins by a mortal. Sieglinde's infidelity is excoriated by marriage-goddess Fricka, as is her violation with Siegmund of an even more basic taboo, incest. But Wotan defends the twins ("…those two are in love") and, like most audience members moved by the ardent love music, views both transgressions kindly. 

Homicidal
Fafner kills his brother Fasolt, the first victim of Alberich's curse, and we are off to the homicide races. Hunding slays Siegmund, only to be destroyed by Wotan's contempt. Siegfried kills Fafner, the Giant-turned-dragon, and then, after realizing that Mime is trying to poison him, kills him as well. By the time the gods' destiny climaxes, Hagen has murdered both Siegfried and Gunther and is himself drowned by the Rhinemaidens. Eventually Brünnhilde sets Valhalla ablaze as part of her self-immolation upon Siegfried's funeral pyre ("Thus do I hurl the torch into Valhalla's proud-standing stronghold") and all the gods die.
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Greed, greed, greed!Finally, "coveting that which is your neighbor's" is pretty much the whole raison d'être for the Ring story, starting with Alberich's desire for the Rhinemaidens, then for the gold they guard. Thereafter everybody seems to want what doesn't belong to him or her: the Ring, a sword, a treasure, someone else's wife, sheer power. 

Yet in spite of Wagner's wholesale abandonment of the Decalogue, the bastion of Western morality, Der Ring des Nibelungen generates explosive ethical and metaphysical impact. He started with the absorption, fusion and reinvention of myriad legendary sources, and layered Schopenhauer's philosophy upon Feuerbach's. In Art and Climate Wagner wrote, "there is no true freedom except that which is common to all mankind... The redeemer is therefore love… starting with sexual love, [it] strides forward through love of children, brothers and friends, to universal love of humanity." The emphasis is his. Yet, some years later he wrote to Mathilde Wesendonck, "I can conceive of only one salvation. It is Rest! ...The stilling of every desire!" 

Wagner once wrote to Röckel, "I have come now to realize how much there is, owing to the whole weight of my poetic aim, that only becomes clear through the music." He later described the discontinuity between his "rationally formed ideas" and "the exquisite unconsciousness of artistic creation… guided by wholly different, infinitely more profound intuition."